Constellation Taurus (Bull)
Properties
The constellation Taurus is located northwest of Orion and is surrounded by the two large, loose star clusters, the Hyades and the Pleiades, easy to identify. The brightest stars of the Hyades form a conspicuous V in the sky, which appears particularly prominent when the constellation is setting and it is directly above the western horizon. In most depictions, however, only the bull's head, as it looks down menacingly at the hunter Orion, is associated with the stars. The two horn stars β and ζ Tauri are also noticeable, although the northern one is not related to the constellation Auriga, however, it is usually counted among its pentagonal alignment. The area enclosed by the constellation border according to the IAU is 797 square degrees. The centre of the constellation culminates around midnight on November 30th. [9, 15]
| α Tau | Aldebaran, Cor Tauri, Parilicium |
| β Tau | Alnath, El Nath, Nath |
| γ Tau | Hyadum I |
| δ1 Tau | Hyadum II |
| ε Tau | Ain, Oculus Boreus |
| η Tau | Alcyone |
| 16 Tau | Celaeno, Celieno, Celeno, "Lost Pleiad" |
| 17 Tau | Electra |
| 19 Tau | Taygeta, Taygete |
| 20 Tau | Maia |
| 21 Tau | Asterope |
| 22 Tau | Sterope Ii |
| 23 Tau | Merope |
| 27 Tau | Atlas |
| 28 Tau | Pleione |
| IAU Name | Taurus |
| IAU Genitive | Tauri |
| IAU Abbr. | Tau |
| English Name | Bull |
| Culmination at local midnight | 30 November |
| Season (Latitude +46.8°) | August … April |
| Right Ascension (J2000.0) | 03h 23m 21s … 06h 00m 55s |
| Declination (J2000.0) | -01° 20' 46" … +31° 06' 01" |
| Area | 797 deg2 |
| Neighbours (N↻) | Aur, Per, Ari, Cet, Eri, Ori, Gem |
Deep-Sky Object Descriptions
Catalogues
Mythology and History
As one of the oldest constellations, Taurus was already known in the first advanced civilizations. It is believed that the constellation was around 5000 BC. Was formed. In Greek mythology, the bull tells the beautiful story that happened when Zeus (Jupiter) fell in love with the daughter of King Agenor, who ruled Tire in Phenicia. Zeus turned into a bull to kidnap the virgin Europe:
Hermes (Mercury) left the land named after Athena, swung his wings and soared skyward. Zeus called him aside and told him - without telling him his real intention - to go immediately to Phenicia and drive the king's young bulls to the coast in the mountains. This is where the great king's beautiful daughter usually enjoyed herself with other girls from Tire.
Zeus turned into a snow-white, strong and beautiful bull with horns, transparent as a precious stone. He mingled with the herd and thus approached lovely Europe. She admired the magnificent and peaceful bull. But even if he appeared meek, at first she shied away from touching him, but then came over and held flowers to his white mouth. Zeus, in love, was delighted, and while he hoped that his desire would be fulfilled, he kissed her hands. Sometimes he was playing with her and jumping around on the green lawn, sometimes he stretched out his snow-white flank in the yellowish sand. Little by little, Europe's fear faded. Now the bull let the girl's hands scratch its chest and wrap fresh wreaths around its horns.
At last the royal maiden dared to sit on the bull's back without knowing who was supposed to be carrying her. Then the god withdrew imperceptibly from the land and the dry coast and cunningly set foot in the outermost waves, went in more and more and carried his prey through the vastness of the sea. Europe looked back anxiously at the slowly receding coast, clutching the bull's mane with her right hand and her light robe with her left. The wind billowed in it and played with her long, blonde hair. Fear gave her new grace. Often she pulled her girl's feet up from the sea and feared the touch of the splashing water, often the god plunged her back into the waves with deceit so that she could hold on to his neck all the more closely. When they reached the other bank, Zeus suddenly stood there without his horns, and he had changed back from the bull to the god. They rose to heaven and the princess became his lover. [20, 77]
According to another variant of this story, Zeus did not turn himself into a bull, but rather sent a real bull to the virgin Europe to kidnap her from among her playmates. This bull then wandered about ownerless in Crete.
The Cretan Queen Pasiphae liked this beautiful bull so much that she commissioned the well-known artisan Daidalos to build a wooden cow that was imitated in a realistic way. Daidalos provided this hollow cow with a flap on the back and then covered it with cowhide. The voluptuous Pasiphae slipped into this cow to indulge her desires. The bull was grazing in the meadow near Gortys, finally came up, was fooled by the dummy and jumped on the supposed cow.
From this connection the Minotaur arose, a hideous hybrid creature. Soon the islanders decided to hide this eyesore from the eyes of the world and hid the Minotaur in a tortuous structure, in a dark wall. However, the bull that fathered this being was beaten with frenzy by Poseidon, god of the sea, as a punishment. Nothing is known of a punishment for the lustful Pasiphae. This bull, which wandered furiously and as a terrible plague on the island of Crete, was now to be captured alive by Heracles in his seventh task, which Eurysteus assigned him, and brought to Argus.
Based on the first story, there are the names Portitor Europae (ferryman of Europe) and Proditor Europae (traitor to Europe). The name Amasius Pasiphaes (lover of the Pasiphae) reminds of the second story. Other names are Bos (bull), Princeps Armenti (leader of the herd) and, strangely enough, Bubulcus (farm hand, ox handler), a name that is more likely to which Bootes would be entitled. [20]